1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Vistide 75 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each ml contains 75 mg cidofovir anhydrous. Each vial contains 375 mg/5 ml cidofovir anhydrous as the active substance.
Excipients:
Each vial contains approximately 2.5 mmol (or 57 mg) sodium per vial (5 ml) as a constituent of the excipients.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Concentrate for solution for infusion.
Clear solution.
The formulation is adjusted to pH 7.4.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Vistide is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and without renal dysfunction. Vistide should be used only when other agents are considered unsuitable.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The therapy should be prescribed by a physician experienced in the management of HIV infection.
Before each administration of Vistide, serum creatinine and urine protein levels should be investigated. Vistide must be administered with oral probenecid and intravenous saline as described below (see section 4.4 for appropriate recommendations, and under section 6.6 for information on obtaining probenecid).
Posology
Adults:
Induction treatment. The recommended dose of cidofovir is 5 mg/kg body weight (given as an intravenous infusion at a constant rate over 1 hour) administered once weekly for two consecutive weeks.
Maintenance treatment. Beginning two weeks after the completion of induction treatment, the recommended maintenance dose of cidofovir is 5 mg/kg body weight (given as an intravenous infusion at a constant rate over 1 hour) administered once every two weeks.
Suspension of maintenance treatment with cidofovir should be considered in accordance with local recommendations for the management of HIV infected patients.
Elderly population:
The safety and efficacy of Vistide have not been established for the treatment of CMV disease in patients over 60 years of age. Since elderly individuals frequently have reduced glomerular function, particular attention should be paid to assessing renal function before and during administration of Vistide.
Renal insufficiency:
Renal insufficiency [creatinine clearance
Hepatic insufficiency:
The safety and efficacy of Vistide have not been established in patients with hepatic disease and therefore it should be used with caution in this patient population.
Paediatric population:
The safety and efficacy of Vistide in children below 18 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Vistide is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age.
Method of administration
Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product:
Adequate precautions including the use of appropriate safety equipment are recommended for the preparation, administration and disposal of Vistide. The preparation of Vistide reconstituted solution should be done in a laminar flow biological safety cabinet. Personnel preparing the reconstituted solution should wear surgical gloves, safety glasses and a closed front surgical-type gown with knit cuffs. If Vistide contacts the skin, wash membranes and flush thoroughly with water. (See section 6.6.)
Vistide is for intravenous infusion. The recommended dose, frequency, or infusion rate must not be exceeded. Vistide must be diluted in 100 millilitres 0.9% (normal) saline prior to administration. The entire volume should be infused intravenously into the patient at a constant rate over a period of 1 hour by use of a standard infusion pump. To minimise potential nephrotoxicity, oral probenecid and intravenous saline prehydration must be administered with each Vistide infusion (see section 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
Cidofovir administration is contraindicated in patients unable to receive probenecid or other sulfa-containing medication (see section 4.4 Prevention of nephrotoxicity).
Vistide is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency (see section 4.2).
Concomitant administration of Vistide and other potentially nephrotoxic agents is contraindicated (see section 4.4).
Direct intraocular injection of Vistide is contraindicated; direct injection may be associated with significant decreases in intraocular pressure and impairment of vision.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Vistide is formulated for intravenous infusion only and must not be administered by intraocular injection. Vistide should be infused only into veins with adequate blood flow to permit rapid dilution and distribution.
Renal insufficiency/Haemodialysis
Treatment with Vistide must not be initiated in patients with creatinine clearance
High flux haemodialysis has been shown to reduce the serum levels of cidofovir by approximately 75%. The fraction of the dose extracted during haemodialysis is 51.9 ± 11.0%.
Nephrotoxicity
Dose-dependent nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting toxicity related to administration of cidofovir (see section 4.8). The safety of cidofovir has not been evaluated in patients receiving other known potentially nephrotoxic agents (e.g. tenofovir, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, foscarnet, intravenous pentamidine, adefovir and vancomycin).
Vistide should not be administered concurrently with medicinal products containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate due to the risk of Fanconi syndrome (see section 4.5).
It is recommended to discontinue potentially nephrotoxic agents at least 7 days before starting cidofovir.
Patients treated at 3.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg without concomitant probenecid developed evidence of proximal tubular cell injury, including glycosuria, and decreases in serum phosphate, uric acid and bicarbonate, and elevations in serum creatinine. The signs of nephrotoxicity were partially reversible in some patients. Concomitant use of probenecid is essential for reducing the pronounced nephrotoxicity of cidofovir to an extent that results in an acceptable benefit/risk balance of cidofovir therapy.
Prevention of nephrotoxicity
Therapy must be accompanied by administration of oral probenecid and adequate intravenous saline prehydration (see section 6.6 for information on obtaining probenecid) with each cidofovir dose. All clinical trials relevant to clinical efficacy evaluation were performed using probenecid concomitantly with cidofovir. Two grams of probenecid should be administered 3 hours prior to the cidofovir dose and one gram administered at 2 and again at 8 hours after completion of the 1 hour cidofovir infusion (for a total of 4 grams). In order to reduce the potential for nausea and/or vomiting associated with administration of probenecid, patients should be encouraged to eat food prior to each dose of probenecid. The use of an anti-emetic may be necessary.
In patients who develop allergic or hypersensitivity symptoms to probenecid (e.g., rash, fever, chills and anaphylaxis), prophylactic or therapeutic use of an appropriate antihistamine and/or paracetamol should be considered.
Cidofovir administration is contraindicated in patients unable to receive probenecid because of a clinically significant hypersensitivity to the active substance or medicinal product or to other sulfa-containing medicines. Use of cidofovir without concomitant probenecid has not been clinically investigated. A probenecid desensitisation program is not recommended for use.
In addition to probenecid, patients must receive a total of one litre of 0.9% (normal) saline solution intravenously immediately prior to each infusion of cidofovir. Patients who can tolerate the additional fluid load may receive up to a total of 2 litres of 0.9% saline intravenously with each dose of cidofovir. The first litre of saline solution should be infused over a 1 hour period immediately before the cidofovir infusion, and the second litre, if given, infused over a 1
Cidofovir therapy should be discontinued and intravenous hydration is advised if serum creatinine increases by
Interruption, and possibly discontinuation, is required for changes in renal function. For those patients who fully recover from cidofovir associated renal toxicity, the benefits-risk balance of reintroducing cidofovir has not yet been evaluated.
Patient monitoring
Proteinuria appears to be an early and sensitive indicator of cidofovir-induced nephrotoxicity. Patients receiving cidofovir must have their serum creatinine and urine protein levels determined on specimens obtained within 24 hours prior to the administration of each dose of cidofovir. Differential white blood cell counts should also be performed prior to each dose of cidofovir (see section 4.8).
Ocular events
Patients receiving cidofovir should be advised to have regular follow-up ophthalmologic examinations for possible occurrence of uveitis/iritis and ocular hypotony. In case of uveitis/iritis cidofovir should be discontinued if there is no response to treatment with a topical corticosteroid or the condition worsens, or if iritis/uveitis reoccurs after successful treatment.
Other
Cidofovir should be considered a potential carcinogen in humans (see section 5.3).
Caution should be applied when considering cidofovir treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus due to the potential increased risk of developing ocular hypotony.
Male patients should be advised that cidofovir caused reduced testes weight and hypospermia in animals. Although not observed in clinical studies of cidofovir, such changes may occur in humans and cause infertility. Men should be advised to practice barrier contraceptive methods during and for 3 months after treatment with cidofovir (see sections 4.6 and 5.3).
Appropriate precautions should continue to be employed to prevent transmission of HIV.
Excipients
This medicinal product contains approximately 2.5 mmol (or 57 mg) sodium per vial which should be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
There is a risk that concomitant treatment of Vistide with products containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may give rise to a pharmacodynamic interaction and increase the risk of Fanconi syndrome (see section 4.4).
Probenecid increases the AUC of zidovudine. Patients receiving both drugs should be closely monitored for zidovudine induced haematological toxicity.
For other NRTI drugs administered concomitantly with probenecid, reference should be made to their respective prescribing information for any appropriate recommendations.
Interactions of cidofovir/probenecid and anti-HIV drugs or drugs used to treat common chronic viral infections in this population, such as HCV- and HBV-related hepatitis, have not been investigated in clinical trials.
Probenecid is known to increase the exposure of many substances (e.g., paracetamol, acyclovir, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aminosalicyclic acid, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, bumetanide, clofibrate, methotrexate, famotidine, furosemide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, theophylline, and zidovudine).
Therefore, when co-prescribing cidofovir/probenecid with other agents, it is important for prescribers to consult the current probenecid SmPC (or an appropriate drug reference source) and the respective prescribing information of the other co-administered products for full information regarding drug interactions and other features of that product.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Women of childbearing potential/Contraception in males and females:
Women of childbearing potential have to use effective contraception during and after treatment with cidofovir. Men should be advised to practice barrier contraceptive methods during and for 3 months after treatment with cidofovir (see section 4.4).
Pregnancy:
There are no data from the use of cidofovir in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
Vistide is not recommended during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.
Breast-feeding:
It is unknown whether cidofovir/metabolites are excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with cidofovir.
Fertility:
There are no studies of cidofovir on the fertility of men or women. Male patients should be advised that cidofovir caused reduced testes weight and hypospermia in animals. Although not observed in clinical studies of cidofovir, such changes may occur in humans and cause infertility.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Cidofovir has negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Adverse reactions such as asthenia may occur during cidofovir therapy. The physician is advised to discuss this issue with the patient, and based upon the condition of the disease and the tolerance of medication, give his recommendation in the individual case.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The table below lists the adverse reactions identified through clinical trials or post-marketing surveillance by system organ class (SOC) and frequency. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined as: very common (
Adverse reactions possibly or probably related to cidofovir based on clinical trial experience and post-marketing surveillance
System Organ Class
|
Adverse reactions
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
|
|
Very common
|
Neutropenia
|
Nervous system disorders
|
|
Very common
|
Headache
|
Eye disorders
|
|
Common
|
Iritis, uveitis, hypotony of the eye (see section 4.4)
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders
|
|
Not known
|
Hearing impaired
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
|
Common
|
Dyspnea
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
|
|
Very common
Common
Not known
|
Nausea, vomiting
Diarrhoea
Pancreatitis
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
|
|
Very common
|
Alopecia, rash
|
Renal and urinary disorders
|
|
Very common
Common
Uncommon
|
Proteinuria, blood creatinine increased (see section 4.4)
Renal failure
Fanconi syndrome acquired
|
General disorders and administration site conditions
|
|
Very common
Common
|
Asthenia, fever
Chills
|
Reports of renal failure (plus events possibly caused by renal failure, e.g. blood creatinine increased, proteinuria, glycosuria) received during post-marketing surveillance include some which were fatal. Cases of acute renal failure have been reported after only one or two doses of cidofovir.
The finding of any glycosuria, proteinuria/aminoaciduria, hypouricemia, hypophosphatemia and/or hypokalemia, should prompt for the consideration of cidofovir-related Fanconi syndrome.
The following table lists adverse reactions possibly or probably related to probenecid based on clinical trial experience:
System Organ Class
|
Adverse reactions
|
Nervous system disorders
|
|
Common
|
Headache
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
|
|
Very common
|
Nausea, vomiting
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
|
|
Very common
|
Rash
|
General disorders and administration site conditions
|
|
Very common
Common
|
Fever
Asthenia, chills
|
In addition probenecid may also cause other adverse reactions including anorexia, gingival pain, flushing, alopecia, dizziness, anaemia, and pollakiuria. Hypersensitivity reactions, with dermatitis, pruritus, urticaria and, rarely, anaphylaxis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have occurred. There have been reports of leukopenia, hepatic necrosis, nephrotic syndrome, and aplastic anaemia. Haemolytic anaemia has also occurred, and may be associated with G6DP deficiency. Therefore, when co-prescribing probenecid with cidofovir, it is important for prescribers to consult the current probenecid SmPC (or an appropriate drug reference source) for full information on the safety profile and other features of that product.
4.9 Overdose
Two cases of cidofovir overdose have been reported. In both cases, the overdose occurred during the first induction dose and no additional cidofovir therapy was administered. One patient received a single dose of 16.4 mg/kg and the other patient received a single dose of 17.3 mg/kg. Both patients were hospitalised and received prophylactic oral probenecid and vigorous hydration for 3 to 7 days. One of these patients experienced a minor transient change in renal function, while the other patient had no change in renal function (see section 4.4).
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use, nucleosides and nucleotides excluding reverse transcriptase inhibitors, ATC code: J05AB12
General
Cidofovir is a cytidine analogue with in vitro and in vivo activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HCMV strains resistant to ganciclovir may still be susceptible to cidofovir.
Mechanism of action
Cidofovir suppresses HCMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. Biochemical data support selective inhibition of HSV
Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits these viral polymerases at concentrations that are 8- to 600
Cidofovir enters cells by fluid-phase endocytosis and is phosphorylated to cidofovir monophosphate and subsequently to cidofovir diphosphate. Prolonged antiviral effects of cidofovir are related to the half-lives of its metabolites; cidofovir diphosphate persists inside cells with a half-life of 17
Antiviral activity
Cidofovir is active in vitro against HCMV, a member of the herpesviridae family. Antiviral activity is seen at concentrations significantly below those which cause cell death.
The in vitro sensitivity to cidofovir is shown in the following table:
Cidofovir inhibition of virus multiplication in cell culture
|
|
Virus
|
IC50 (µM)
|
wild-type CMV isolates
ganciclovir-resistant CMV isolates
foscarnet-resistant CMV isolates
|
0.7 (± 0.6)
7.5 (± 4.3)
0.59 (± 0.07)
|
In vivo activity against HCMV was confirmed with controlled clinical studies of cidofovir for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS, which demonstrated statistically significant delays in time to CMV retinitis progression for patients on cidofovir when compared to control patients. The median times to retinitis progression in the two efficacy studies (GS
In study GS
Viral resistance
Following in vitro selection of ganciclovir-resistant HCMV isolates, cross-resistance between ganciclovir and cidofovir was seen with ganciclovir-selected mutations in the HCMV DNA polymerase gene but not with mutations in the UL97 gene. No cross-resistance between foscarnet and cidofovir was seen with foscarnet-selected mutants. Cidofovir-selected mutants had a mutation in the DNA polymerase gene and were cross-resistant to ganciclovir, but susceptible to foscarnet.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
The major route of elimination of cidofovir was by renal excretion of unchanged drug by a combination of glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. In patients with normal renal function, 80 to 100% of the intravenous dose was recovered in the urine over 24 hours as unchanged cidofovir. No metabolites of cidofovir have been detected in serum or urine of patients.
At the end of a one-hour infusion of cidofovir 5 mg/kg administered with concomitant oral probenecid, the mean (± SD) serum concentration of cidofovir was 19.6 (± 7.18) µg/ml. The mean values of total serum clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state and terminal elimination half-life were 138 (± 36) ml/h/kg, 388 (± 125) ml/kg and 2.2 (± 0.5) h, respectively. Dose-independent kinetics were demonstrated with single doses of cidofovir given over the dose range 3 to 7.5 mg/kg.
In vitro protein binding
In vitro protein binding of cidofovir to plasma or serum protein was 10% or less over the cidofovir concentration range 0.25 to 25 µg/ml.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Preclinical animal studies demonstrated that nephrotoxicity was the major dose-limiting toxicity of cidofovir. Evidence for a nephroprotective effect for probenecid was shown in a 52
Carcinogenesis
In a 26
Mutagenicity and reproductive toxicology
Studies have shown that cidofovir is clastogenic in vitro at 100 µg/ml and is embryotoxic in rats and rabbits.
No mutagenic response was elicited by cidofovir at dose levels up to 5 mg/plate, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by rat liver SSalmonella typhimurium for base pair substitutions or frameshift mutations (Ames) and Escherichia coli for reverse mutations.
An increase in formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in vivo in mice receiving a high, toxic intraperitoneal dose of cidofovir (
Cidofovir induced chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro without metabolic activation (S
Male patients should be advised that cidofovir caused reduced testes weight and hypospermia in animals. No adverse effects on fertility or general reproduction were seen following once weekly intravenous injections of cidofovir in male rats for 13 consecutive weeks at doses up to 15 mg/kg/week. Female rats dosed intravenously once weekly at 1.2 mg/kg/week or higher for up to 6 weeks prior to mating and for 2 weeks post mating had decreased litter sizes and live births per litter and increased early resorptions per litter. Peri- and post-natal development studies in which female rats received subcutaneous injections of cidofovir once daily at doses up to 1.0 mg/kg/day from day 7 of gestation through day 21 postpartum (approximately 5 weeks) resulted in no adverse effects on viability, growth, behaviour, sexual maturation or reproductive capacity in the offspring. Daily intravenous administration of cidofovir during the period of organogenesis led to reduced fetal body weights when administered to pregnant rats at 1.5 mg/kg/day and to pregnant rabbits at 1.0 mg/kg/day. A significantly increased foetal incidence of external, soft tissue and skeletal anomalies occurred in rabbits at 1.0 mg/kg/day, which was also maternally toxic. The no-observable-effect doses for embryotoxicity were 0.5 mg/kg/day in rats and 0.25 mg/kg/day in rabbits.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Water for injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products or diluents except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years.
From a microbiological point of view, the product must be used immediately.
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for up to 24 hours at 2
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 30°C. Do not refrigerate or freeze.
For storage conditions of the diluted medicinal product, see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
5 ml clear glass vials with a 5 ml nominal fill volume. The container/closure components include: Type I clear borosilicate glass vials, Teflon faced grey butyl plug stoppers, and aluminium crimp seals with a flip off plastic tab. Each pack contains one 5 ml vial.
Vistide is supplied in single-use vials. Partially used vials should be discarded.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
Method of preparation and administration
Vistide vials should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discolouration prior to administration.
With a syringe, transfer under aseptic conditions the appropriate dose of Vistide from the vial to an infusion bag containing 100 ml 0.9% (normal) saline solution, and mix thoroughly. The entire volume should be infused intravenously into the patient at a constant rate over a period of 1 hour by use of a standard infusion pump. Vistide should be administered by health care professionals adequately experienced in the care of AIDS patients.
The chemical and physical stability of Vistide admixed with saline has been demonstrated in glass bottles, in infusion bags composed of either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or ethylene/propylene copolymer, and in PVC based vented IV administration sets. Other types of IV set tubing and infusion bags have not been studied.
Compatibility with Ringer's Solution, Lactated Ringer's Solution or bacteriostatic infusion fluids has not been evaluated.
Handling and disposal
Adequate precautions including the use of appropriate safety equipment are recommended for the preparation, administration and disposal of Vistide. The preparation of Vistide reconstituted solution should be done in a laminar flow biological safety cabinet. Personnel preparing the reconstituted solution should wear surgical gloves, safety glasses and a closed front surgical-type gown with knit cuffs. If Vistide contacts the skin, wash membranes and flush thoroughly with water. Excess Vistide and all other materials used in the admixture preparation and administration should be placed in a leak-proof, puncture-proof container for disposal. Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Obtaining probenecid
Probenecid is not supplied with Vistide and should be obtained via the Marketing Authorisation Holder of probenecid. However, in case of difficulty in obtaining probenecid the local representative of the Marketing Authorisation Holder of Vistide should be contacted for information (see also sections 4.2 and 4.4).
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Gilead Sciences International Limited
Cambridge
CB21 6GT
United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
EU/1/97/037/001
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
Date of first authorisation
|
:
|
23 April 1997
|
Date of last renewal
|
:
|
23 April 2007
|
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
03/2010
Detailed information on this product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/.
